# Vladimir Bazarov and Vladimir Groman: views on planning and what we take from them — Open Planning
> Bazarov and Groman were two contemporaries and former Social Democrats who, at Gosplan in the 1920s, built the plan not from slogans but from statistics and the…
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History of planning · Founders: the plan as forecast and the plan as directive

# Vladimir Alexandrovich Bazarov (Rudnev) and Vladimir Gustavovich Groman

1874–1939 and 1874–1940 · Gosplan economists, authors of the “genetic” approach to planning, developers of the first control figures and of the balance method; convicted in the Menshevik Union Bureau trial

Bazarov and Groman were two contemporaries and former Social Democrats who, at Gosplan in the 1920s, built the plan not from slogans but from statistics and the established proportions of the economy. Groman led the work on the first control figures; Bazarov gave the dispute about method the language of “genetics” and “teleology” and warned that growth rates would decline. In 1930 both were arrested and their approach was declared wrecking, so their story is the key to how the idea of a verifiable plan lost out in the USSR.

_V. A. Bazarov; cited in: Bozhenova S. I. V. A. Bazarov and His View of Constructing a Long-Term Plan (V. A. Bazarov i ego vzglyad na postroenie perspektivnogo plana) // Izvestiya of St Petersburg State University of Economics, 2016 (translated by gosplan2.ru)_

Founders

- [Gleb Krzhizhanovsky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/krzhizhanovsky)

- [Stanislav Strumilin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/strumilin)

- [Vladimir Bazarov and Vladimir Groman](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bazarov-groman)

- [Nikolai Kondratiev](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kondratiev)

Industrialisation

- [Yevgeni Preobrazhensky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/preobrazhensky)

- [Nikolai Bukharin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bukharin)

- [Nikolai Voznesensky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/voznesensky)

Balances and optimal planning

- [Wassily Leontief](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/leontief)

- [Leonid Kantorovich](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kantorovich)

- [Viktor Novozhilov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/novozhilov)

- [Vasily Nemchinov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/nemchinov)

- [Nikolai Fedorenko](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/fedorenko)

Cybernetics and reforms

- [Viktor Glushkov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/glushkov)

- [Evsei Liberman](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/liberman)

- [Stafford Beer](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/beer)

- [Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/cockshott)

Critics

- [Ludwig von Mises](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/mises)

- [Friedrich Hayek](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/hayek)

- [Oskar Lange](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/lange)

- [János Kornai](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kornai)

The administrative market

- [Vitaly Naishul](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/naishul)

- [Simon Kordonsky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kordonsky)

## Who they are and their times

Vladimir Alexandrovich Bazarov (real surname Rudnev) was born in Tula in 1874 and died in Moscow in September 1939. He studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, took part in the Social Democratic movement from the mid-1890s and was a Bolshevik in 1904–1907. Before the revolution he was known primarily as a philosopher and translator: together with I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov he translated the first volume of Marx’s Capital, and his philosophical views were criticized by Lenin. After February 1917 Bazarov worked on the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which was close to the Menshevik-Internationalists.

Vladimir Gustavovich Groman, also born in 1874, joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1898 and sided with the Mensheviks. In exile in Vyatka and Yenisei governorates he took up statistics and became one of the prominent zemstvo statisticians. In 1917 he ran food supply in Petrograd, and after October he worked in economic bodies. According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, in 1921–1928 he worked at Gosplan, in 1922–1926 he headed its conjuncture council, and in 1926 its agricultural section.

Bazarov came to Gosplan in 1921; according to Wikipedia, by 1924 he was deputy chairman of the economic and statistical section, by 1927 chairman of the section for labour and culture, and he worked there until 1930. Both also taught: Groman at Moscow University, Bazarov in the economics department of the Faculty of Social Sciences. Their views on the plan took shape during the years of the New Economic Policy (NEP), when the market, peasant farming and private trade operated alongside state industry.

Next to them one must name Pavel Ilyich Popov (1872–1950), a zemstvo statistician who headed the Central Statistical Administration (TsSU) in 1918–1926. Under his direction TsSU compiled the balance of the national economy of the USSR for the 1923/24 economic year — a document without which neither the “genetic” approach nor the later history of the input-output balance can be understood. Groman, Bazarov and Popov represented one and the same professional culture: statistics before slogans.

## Main ideas

The main methodological idea associated with their names is the “genetic” approach to planning. The terms themselves were introduced by Bazarov. “Genetics” here refers not to biology but to the origin and natural development of phenomena: the plan must proceed from the trends that have formed in the economy, from its real proportions and resources. “Teleology”, from the Greek word for “goal”, is an approach in which the plan proceeds from set goals. Bazarov did not, however, set them rigidly against each other: in his formulation they are not antagonists but dialectically connected moments of a single whole, although he himself leaned towards the genetic pole.

The second idea is the “damping curve”. In works of the mid-1920s, including the article On the Methodology of Constructing Long-Term Plans (1926), Bazarov described the recovery process as a curve with damping growth rates. While factories and land left idle after the devastation are being brought back into use, growth is very fast and cheap. Once this reserve is exhausted, further growth requires new investment, and growth rates inevitably fall. As researchers recount, Groman and Bazarov expected that after recovery the growth of industry would approach a few per cent a year.

Groman developed the idea of stable proportions. He looked in the statistics for recurring ratios between agriculture and industry, between the production of means of production and of consumer goods, between town and country, and used them to check plan figures. If the plan required these ratios to be broken sharply, that was a signal of possible imbalances. A well-known example is the control figures for 1925/26, in which the shares of consumer goods and means of production were set at roughly the same level as in 1913: about 42 and 58 % against 43.2 and 56.8 %.

The third idea is balance-based coordination of the economy. A balance of the national economy is a system of tables in which the production, distribution and consumption of output are brought together so as to show the links between sectors: how much of one sector’s output goes to meet the needs of another. The first such balance for the USSR, for 1923/24, was published by TsSU in 1926 under the editorship of P. I. Popov; according to researchers, L. N. Litoshenko co-led the work with him. Groman, according to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, was one of the principal developers of the balance method of national economic planning.

Finally, both shared a common view of the role of the market. The geneticists were not opponents of the plan, but they believed that under NEP the plan should work through market mechanisms rather than instead of them. Bazarov, as S. I. Bozhenova recounts, supported commodity-money relations and warned that the tax system must not be turned into a mechanism for the systematic pumping of resources from the countryside to the town. Groman, according to Wikipedia, regarded the economy of the transitional period rather as a variety of state capitalism.

## What became of the ideas in practice

The first major result was the control figures — annual guidelines for the development of the national economy. In July 1925 the first version of the Control Figures of the National Economy for 1925/26 was published, and in October of the same year they came out in corrected form because the harvest had turned out worse than forecast. Groman, according to researchers, led the preparation of the annual control figures up to the figures for 1928/29, after which this work passed into other hands.

This episode of revision is important in its own right. The control figures were not a law but a calculation under certain assumptions, and when the main assumption — the harvest — was not borne out, the calculation was redone and published anew. For historians this is an example of how the geneticists understood the plan: as a system of interconnected forecasts that must be recalculated when the facts change. Later such a practice came to be seen as a weakness of the plan and a lack of faith in its directive force.

The balance of the national economy for 1923/24 aroused great interest among specialists. In 1925 the young economist W. W. Leontief (V. V. Leontiev) published a methodological analysis of it in the journal Planovoe Khozyaystvo; later, already in emigration, Leontief created the input-output method, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1973. But the political fate of the balance turned out differently. According to I. A. Tropov, at the Fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925 Stalin sharply condemned TsSU’s statistical data on the grain balance, and in January 1926 Popov was removed from the leadership of the administration.

In the debates on the first five-year plan in 1927–1928 the geneticists found themselves in the minority. According to D. Khmelnitsky, in the spring of 1928 Groman publicly called for completely eliminating the tendency towards fantastic constructions from planning work. Meanwhile the variants of the five-year plan became ever more strained: instead of damping growth rates, in December 1928 a steady growth of industrial output of more than 20 % a year was being built in. In May 1929 the optimal variant was approved, and then the targets were raised further still.

On 27 December 1929, in a speech to a conference of Marxist agrarian scholars, Stalin directly called the TsSU balance “a game with figures” and declared that Bazarov and Groman’s treatment of the problem of the national economic balance was “unsuitable”. In the same speech he condemned the “theory of equilibrium” and “spontaneity” (samotyok). After this the dispute about method finally ceased to be a scholarly one: in the summer of 1930 Groman and Bazarov were arrested.

## What worked and what did not

The balance method undoubtedly worked as a way of seeing the economy as a whole. Yu. N. Ivanov and B. T. Ryabushkin call the 1923/24 balance the birth of macroeconomic statistics in the country. Its logic — bringing together the production and use of output by sector — became the basis of the input-output balance, which was brought back into Soviet planning practice in the 1950s, and of the system of national accounts by which almost all countries measure their economies today.

The practice of recalculating the plan based on facts also worked. The correction of the control figures in the autumn of 1925 after a poor harvest is an early example of how a calculation should respond to new data. Later, under Stalinist planning, revision went mainly in one direction — raising targets — and failures were explained by wrecking. The contrast between these two practices shows well what changes when a plan turns from a forecast into a political commitment.

The damping curve is harder to assess. No direct test of the forecast took place: the country took the path of forced industrialization, for which the resources of the countryside, forced labour and a sharp cut in consumption were mobilized. The high official growth rates of the 1930s were achieved at the price that the geneticists had predicted — imbalances and a food crisis. The slowdown of the Soviet economy in subsequent decades is well known, but treating it as confirmation of the forecast of the 1920s would be a stretch.

What did not work was taking pre-war proportions as a norm. The structure of the economy in 1913 reflected an agrarian country, and carrying its ratios over into the plan could have preserved backwardness. The teleologists rightly pointed out that industrialization is precisely the breaking of old proportions. Stable ratios are useful as a check signal, but not as a limit that must not be crossed; on this point the criticism of the geneticists was justified.

## Debate and criticism

The dispute between the geneticists and the teleologists in 1926–1928 was a dispute about what comes first: real capabilities or set goals. Strumilin and his supporters believed that a socialist economy could subordinate trends to the will of the state, and that the geneticists’ caution was a manifestation of disbelief and even of political alienation. The geneticists replied that plan figures not checked against resources become wishes, and that forcing their fulfilment would lead to a crisis. According to V. A. Pchelkin, the geneticists were also in favour of the plan, but under conditions of a market economy.

Then the dispute moved into the criminal sphere. From 1 to 9 March 1931 in Moscow, the Special Session of the Supreme Court of the USSR heard the case of the “Union Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks)”. There were 14 defendants at the open trial, among them Groman, N. N. Sukhanov, A. M. Ginzburg, V. V. Sher and I. I. Rubin. They were accused of creating a counter-revolutionary organization, of links with an émigré centre and of wrecking in the planning bodies. Groman was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment with deprivation of rights for 5 years.

According to the historian V. N. Uimanov, who draws on the document collection The Menshevik Trial of 1931 (1999), 122 people were prosecuted in the case, of whom 14 were convicted at the open trial, while the fate of the rest was decided by “troikas” and the OGPU Collegium. Bazarov, arrested in 1930, did not appear at the open trial; according to Wikipedia, he refused to admit guilt and in 1931 was sentenced to five years, was released in early 1932, lived in exile and in 1935 returned to Moscow, where he worked as a translator. Kondratiev, who had been arrested by then, appeared as a prosecution witness at the trial.

Today historians recognize that the case was fabricated. Uimanov writes that at the end of the 1920s no Menshevik organization capable of a coup d’état existed in the USSR, and that the trial was initiated by Stalin. In 1967 a former defendant, M. P. Yakubovich, described in an appeal to the Prosecutor General how OGPU investigators fitted testimony to a ready-made scheme of a “wrecking” organization. Many of those convicted in the case were posthumously rehabilitated in 1991; Bazarov, according to available information, was rehabilitated in 1990.

There is also criticism of the geneticists that has nothing to do with politics. Economists of various schools noted that reliance on extrapolation and past proportions makes the plan conservative, and that the very idea that expert statisticians know best what growth rates are permissible is technocratic. The geneticists argued with the teleologists about method, but did not raise the question of who should choose the goals: society or the planning body. In this sense both sides remained within one model, in which decisions are made at the top and the dispute is only about the degree of caution.

## Legacy today

Groman’s fate is less well known than Bazarov’s. According to Wikipedia, he died in custody in 1940; other publications give different information, and the exact date and circumstances of his death require archival verification. Bazarov died in Moscow on 16 September 1939. For a long time their names were mentioned in Soviet literature only with the labels of “wreckers” and “Mensheviks”, and the materials of the debates of the 1920s, according to V. A. Pchelkin, were available only on special request.

The return of their ideas began in the West. In 1972 Cambridge University Press published a book by the émigré economist Naum Jasny, Soviet Economists of the Twenties: Names to Be Remembered, in which Groman, Bazarov and their colleagues are described as serious scholars who fell victim to political reprisal. In the USSR the input-output balance was brought back into planning practice at the end of the 1950s, and its first developers at the Economic Research Institute of Gosplan (NIEI) knew about their predecessors of the 1920s.

For today’s conversation about planning, Bazarov and Groman matter because they showed that a plan can be not an order but a verifiable calculation with explicit assumptions, revised when the facts change. They also showed the limits of such an approach. Statistics of the past cannot determine the goals of the future, and expert caution without a public choice of goals is easily replaced by a political decision. Their defeat was political rather than scholarly, but that does not make their model complete.

## What open planning takes

- +The plan as a system of interconnected calculations with explicit assumptions that is published and recalculated when the facts change, like the control figures for 1925/26 after the poor harvest. For us this is revision based on facts instead of a five-year plan, and reproducible calculation with a methodology version.

- +Balance-based checking of goals: comparing the set growth rates with the resources, proportions and capacity of the economy before approval. In our model this is a mandatory feasibility check of the decision on a goal, whose results are published alongside the goal itself.

- +Independence of statistics from the body that sets the goals. Popov’s dismissal after Stalin’s criticism and the branding of Groman’s calculations as wrecking show what happens without it. This is a direct justification for our rule “whoever executes does not verify” and for a separate measurement layer.

- +Stable proportions as a signal for human review rather than as a prohibition. If a goal requires established ratios to be broken sharply, that is a reason for explicit justification and monitoring, which fits into the two-column rule and the register of data gaps.

## What we do not repeat

- −Pre-war proportions and inertial trends as the limit of what is permissible. In our model goals are set by society and are entitled to outrun the trend; the genetic calculation checks the price and feasibility, but does not choose the goal.

- −Technocratic choice of growth rates and priorities by expert statisticians. The geneticists argued about method, not about who decides; without a democratic goal-setting circuit what remains is technocracy, albeit a more cautious one.

- −The determinism of the “damping curve”: the notion that the growth trajectory is set in advance. A forecast is useful as a baseline scenario, but for us it cannot be an argument against a goal chosen publicly — only a basis for an explicit calculation of its price.

## Links between ideas

Whom the author argued with, whose ideas they developed, whom they answered and whose fate they shared. All links are on the shared graph. [Graph of ideas](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/graph)

- [Gleb Krzhizhanovsky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/krzhizhanovsky)Practice and institutions ←Groman and Bazarov developed the control figures at Gosplan, which Krzhizhanovsky headed.

- [Stanislav Strumilin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/strumilin)Debate and criticism →Geneticists versus teleologists: build the plan from trends and proportions, or from goals that themselves change conditions.

- [Nikolai Kondratiev](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kondratiev)Shared fate →Arrested in 1930; Kondratiev was brought as a witness to the Menshevik Union Bureau trial, at which Groman was convicted.

- [Wassily Leontief](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/leontief)Develops ideas →In 1925 Leontief analysed the TsSU balance for 1923/24 and later developed it into the input-output method.

- [Nikolai Bukharin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bukharin)Shared fate →In his speech of 27 December 1929 Stalin rejected both Bazarov and Groman’s treatment of the balance and the “theory of equilibrium”.

- [Nikolai Bukharin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bukharin)Parallel path →The geneticists’ stable proportions and Bukharin’s equilibrium are one demand for balance between sectors, later testable with the inter-branch balance.

- [Vasily Nemchinov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/nemchinov)Develops ideas →In the 1960s Nemchinov’s laboratory reconstructed the 1923/24 TsSU balance in a symmetrical 79-by-79 format.

## Timeline

- 1874V. A. Bazarov (in Tula) and V. G. Groman are born

- 1921Groman and Bazarov begin work at Gosplan

- 1924TsSU begins compiling the balance of the national economy of the USSR for 1923/24

- 1925Control figures for 1925/26: first version in July, corrected version in October after a poor harvest

- 1926The Balance of the National Economy of the USSR for 1923/24 is published under the editorship of P. I. Popov; Popov is removed from the leadership of TsSU; Bazarov’s article On the Methodology of Constructing Long-Term Plans

- 1929Stalin calls the TsSU balance “a game with figures” and rejects Bazarov and Groman’s treatment (27 December)

- 1930Arrests of Groman, Bazarov and other economists

- 1931Menshevik Union Bureau trial (1–9 March); Groman sentenced to 10 years

- 1939Bazarov dies in Moscow (16 September)

- 1990Posthumous rehabilitation of Bazarov

## Key works

- 1923 V. A. Bazarov. The “Scissors” and the Planned Economy (“Nozhnitsy” i planovoe khozyaystvo)

- 1924 V. A. Bazarov. On the Question of the Economic Plan (K voprosu o khozyaystvennom plane)

- 1924 V. G. Groman. The Economic Situation of the USSR (Khozyaystvennoe polozhenie SSSR)

- 1925 Control Figures of the National Economy for 1925/26 (Kontrol’nye tsifry narodnogo khozyaystva na 1925/26 god), drafting led by V. G. Groman

- 1926 V. A. Bazarov. On the Methodology of Constructing Long-Term Plans (O metodologii postroeniya perspektivnykh planov)

- 1926 The Balance of the National Economy of the USSR for 1923–24 (Balans narodnogo khozyaystva Soyuza SSR 1923–24 goda), edited by P. I. Popov

## Sources

- Большая российская энциклопедия. [Громан Владимир Густавович](https://bigenc.ru/c/groman-vladimir-gustavovich-c0a1dd). 2004–2017

- С. И. Боженова (Известия Санкт-Петербургского государственного экономического университета). [В. А. Базаров и его взгляд на построение перспективного плана](https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/v-a-bazarov-i-ego-vzglyad-na-postroenie-perspektivnogo-plana). 2016

- В. Н. Уйманов (Вестник Томского государственного университета). [Процесс «Союзного бюро меньшевиков» и судьба меньшевика М. А. Валерианова-Броунштейна](https://journals.tsu.ru/uploads/import/868/files/355-076.pdf). 2012

- Ю. Н. Иванов, Б. Т. Рябушкин (Вопросы статистики, № 4). [К 90-летию первого баланса народного хозяйства: истоки и эволюция макроэкономической статистики России](https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2016-0-4-71-84). 2016

- И. А. Тропов (Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А. С. Пушкина). [П. И. Попов во главе ЦСУ (1918–1926)](https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/p-i-popov-vo-glave-tssu-1918-1926). 2014

- под ред. П. И. Попова. [Баланс народного хозяйства Союза ССР 1923–24 года (Труды ЦСУ, т. 29)](https://www.prlib.ru/item/1639679). 1926

- И. В. Сталин. [К вопросам аграрной политики в СССР. Речь на конференции аграрников-марксистов 27 декабря 1929 г.](https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t12/t12_10.htm). 1929

- В. А. Пчелкин (Экономические стратегии, № 5). [Академик А. Н. Ефимов, дебаты 1920-х годов и некоторые проблемы современности](https://www.inesnet.ru/wp-content/mag_archive/2018_05/es2018-05_118-123_Victor_Pchelkin.pdf). 2018

- Д. Хмельницкий (Гефтер). [Сказки для Сталина. Как сочинялся генеральный план реконструкции народного хозяйства](https://gefter.ru/archive/24352). 2018

- Naum Jasny (Cambridge University Press). [Soviet Economists of the Twenties: Names to be Remembered](https://archive.org/details/sovieteconomists0000jasn). 1972

- Википедия. [Базаров, Владимир Александрович](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87). 2026

- Википедия. [Громан, Владимир Густавович](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87). 2026

- Википедия. [Попов, Павел Ильич (государственный деятель)](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)). 2026

Prepared from open sources. Dates, titles and quotations were checked against the source list at the bottom of the page; where sources disagree, the text says so.

Contents

- [Who they are and their times](#context)

- [Main ideas](#ideas)

- [What became of the ideas in practice](#gosplan)

- [What worked and what did not](#worked)

- [Debate and criticism](#critique)

- [Legacy today](#legacy)

- [What open planning takes](#take)

- [What we do not repeat](#avoid)

- [Links between ideas](#links)

- [Timeline](#timeline)

- [Sources](#sources)

All profiles

Founders

- [Gleb Krzhizhanovsky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/krzhizhanovsky)

- [Stanislav Strumilin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/strumilin)

- [Vladimir Bazarov and Vladimir Groman](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bazarov-groman)

- [Nikolai Kondratiev](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kondratiev)

Industrialisation

- [Yevgeni Preobrazhensky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/preobrazhensky)

- [Nikolai Bukharin](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/bukharin)

- [Nikolai Voznesensky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/voznesensky)

Balances and optimal planning

- [Wassily Leontief](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/leontief)

- [Leonid Kantorovich](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kantorovich)

- [Viktor Novozhilov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/novozhilov)

- [Vasily Nemchinov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/nemchinov)

- [Nikolai Fedorenko](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/fedorenko)

Cybernetics and reforms

- [Viktor Glushkov](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/glushkov)

- [Evsei Liberman](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/liberman)

- [Stafford Beer](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/beer)

- [Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/cockshott)

Critics

- [Ludwig von Mises](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/mises)

- [Friedrich Hayek](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/hayek)

- [Oskar Lange](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/lange)

- [János Kornai](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kornai)

The administrative market

- [Vitaly Naishul](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/naishul)

- [Simon Kordonsky](https://gosplan2.ru/en/history/kordonsky)

## Related profiles

Nikolai Kondratiev

1892–1938 · Economist, founder of the Conjuncture Institute, author of the theory of long cycles (Kondratiev waves), critic of the first five-year plan; shot in 1938

Stanislav Strumilin

1877–1974 · Economist and statistician, one of the authors of the first five-year plan, founder of labour economics and time-budget research in the USSR, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Gleb Krzhizhanovsky

1872–1959 · Power engineer, head of the GOELRO commission (State Commission for the Electrification of Russia), first chairman of Gosplan, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Wassily Leontief

1905–1999 · American economist of Russian origin, creator of input-output analysis, laureate of the 1973 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Nikolai Bukharin

1888–1938 · Theorist of the Bolshevik party, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1924–1929, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, chief defender of NEP (New Economic Policy) and balanced growth

Yevgeni Preobrazhensky

1886–1937 · Bolshevik economist and publicist, secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) in 1920–1921, one of the leaders of the Left Opposition, author of The New Economics